The disease mainly occurs in water buffaloes and cattle, but occasionally in pigs and feral ruminants. multocida designated as B: 2 (Asian serotype) and E: 2 (African serotype). HS is a highly lethal, acute septicemic disease caused by one of two specific serotypes of P. However, most studies are still in the late stages of vaccine evaluation. VLPs-based vaccines are among the new-generation subunit vaccine approaches that have been licensed for the human and veterinary fields. Virus-like particles (VLPs) have more potential as a vaccine platform due to their unique properties to enhance immune response and the ability to use them as a platform for foreign antigens against infectious diseases. Current commercial vaccines, including live-attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines, have some shortcomings and undesirable effects. The best measure to control the disease is through vaccination programs. The mortality of HS among cattle and buffaloes increased in 2017–2019 compared to the period between 20. The data analysis revealed that 74.4% of the total infection rate in the world was distributed among cattle, followed by buffaloes (13.1%). The current work aims to study the prevalence of HS among buffaloes, cattle, sheep, and goats in 41 countries in 2005–2019. Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2 and E:2 is among the fatal bacterial diseases in cattle and buffaloes that are economically valuable in Asian and African countries.
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